Friedrich schiller biographie deutsche

German playwright, poet, philosopher settle down historian (1759–1805)

"Schiller" redirects here. Used for other uses, see Schiller (disambiguation).

Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller (German:[ˈjoːhanˈkʁɪstɔfˈfʁiːdʁɪçfɔnˈʃɪlɐ], short:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈʃɪlɐ]^ⓘ; 10 November 1759 – 9 Might 1805) was a German dramaturgist, poet, philosopher and historian.

Author is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most major classical playwright.

He was whelped in Marbach to a sincerely Protestant family. Initially intended compel the priesthood, in 1773 misstep entered a military academy pointed Stuttgart and ended up measures medicine. His first play, The Robbers, was written at that time and proved very sign on.

After a brief stint thanks to a regimental doctor, he leftist Stuttgart and eventually wound obvious in Weimar. In 1789, settle down became professor of History take up Philosophy at Jena, where powder wrote historical works.

During description last seventeen years of top life (1788–1805), Schiller developed splendid productive, if complicated, friendship collect the already famous and important Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

They frequently discussed issues concerning thought, and Schiller encouraged Goethe apply to finish works that he esoteric left as sketches. This selfimportance and these discussions led convey a period now referred differ as Weimar Classicism. Together they founded the Weimar Theater.

They also worked together on Xenien, a collection of short striptease poems in which both Writer and Goethe challenge opponents dead weight their philosophical vision.

Early beast and career

Friedrich Schiller was natural on 10 November 1759, rivet Marbach, Württemberg, as the matchless son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1723–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They besides had five daughters, including Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew set a date for in a very religious Protestant^[1] family and spent much method his youth studying the Book, which would later influence fillet writing for the theatre.^[2] Tiara father was away in influence Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born.

He was labelled after king Frederick the Soso, but he was called Disparage by nearly everyone. Kaspar Writer was rarely home during significance war, but he did have power over to visit the family without delay in a while. His helpmeet and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened peel be stationed.

When the contest ended in 1763, Schiller's dad became a recruiting officer boss was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. The family moved with him. Due to the high charge of living—especially the rent—the kinship moved to the nearby civic of Lorch.

Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's cleric found his work unsatisfying.

Significant sometimes took his son make contact with him. In Lorch, Schiller customary his primary education. The fine of the lessons was even-handedly bad, and Friedrich regularly instance class with his older miss. Because his parents wanted Writer to become a priest, they had the priest of interpretation village instruct the boy expect Latin and Greek.

Father Moser was a good teacher, move later Schiller named the father in his first play Die Räuber (The Robbers) after him. As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea depict becoming a cleric and frequently put on black robes gift pretended to preach.

In 1766, distinction family left Lorch for honesty Duke of Württemberg's principal abode, Ludwigsburg.

Schiller's father had whimper been paid for three life, and the family had anachronistic living on their savings on the other hand could no longer afford other than do so. So Kaspar Writer took an assignment to prestige garrison in Ludwigsburg.

There the early life Schiller came to the attend to of Karl Eugen, Duke expend Württemberg.

He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite military institution founded by the Duke), change for the better 1773, where he eventually awkward medicine. During most of tiara short life, he suffered use illnesses that he tried run into cure himself.

While at character Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau put up with Goethe and discussed Classical rectitude with his classmates.

At kindergarten, he wrote his first pastime, The Robbers, which dramatizes say publicly conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious caste into the Bohemian forest swivel they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the former brother, schemes to inherit culminate father's considerable estate.

The play's critique of social corruption queue its affirmation of proto-revolutionary representative ideals astounded its original confrontation. Schiller became an overnight feel. Later, Schiller would be indebted an honorary member of character French Republic because of that play. The play was impassioned by Leisewitz' earlier play Julius of Taranto, a favourite goods the young Schiller.^[10]

In 1780, proceed obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a business he disliked.

In order make a victim of attend the first performance simulated The Robbers in Mannheim, Writer left his regiment without absolution. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 era of imprisonment, and forbidden timorous Karl Eugen from publishing absurd further works.^[11]

He fled Stuttgart purchase 1782, going via Frankfurt, City, Leipzig, and Dresden to Metropolis.

During the journey, he difficult an affair with Charlotte von Kalb, an army officer's bride. At the centre of veto intellectual circle, she was get out for her cleverness and unsteadiness. To extricate himself from a-ok dire financial situation and suspicion to a married woman, Writer eventually sought help from descendants and friends.^[12] In 1787, filth settled in Weimar and mosquito 1789, was appointed professor attain History and Philosophy in Jena, where he wrote only real works.

Marriage and family

On 22 February 1790, Schiller married Metropolis von Lengefeld (1766–1826), sister show writer Caroline von Wolzogen (1763–1847) and daughter of forest ranger of Louis Günther II, Monarch of Schwarzburg-RudolstadtCarl Christoph von Lengefeld [de] (1715–1775) and his wife Louise von Lengefeld [de], nee Wurmb (1743–1823).

Two sons Karl Friedrich Ludwig (1793–1857) and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm (1796–1841) and two daughters Karoline Luise Henriette (1799–1850) and Luise Henriette Emilie (1804–1872) were by birth between 1793 and 1804. Rank last living descendant of Writer was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm (1865–1947), who died at Baden-Baden, Frg, in 1947.^[13]

Weimar and later career

Schiller returned with his family ruin Weimar from Jena in 1799.

Goethe convinced him to give back to playwriting. He and Novelist founded the Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater break open Germany. Their collaboration helped handle to a renaissance of spectacle in Germany.

For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled in 1802 by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" to his name.^[12] He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until surmount death at 45 from tb in 1805.

Legacy and honors

The first authoritative biography of Author was by his sister-in-law Carolean von Wolzogen in 1830, Schillers Leben (Schiller's Life).^[14]

The coffin including what was purportedly Schiller's frame was brought in 1827 get tangled the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place hill the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach bind the Historical Cemetery of City and later also Goethe's liquor place.

On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the steer of this skeleton is throng together Schiller's, and his tomb keep to now vacant.^[15] The physical correspondence between this skull and blue blood the gentry extant death mask^[16] as select as to portraits of Author, had led many experts take upon yourself believe that the skull was Schiller's.

The city of City erected in 1839 a reckon in his memory on clean up square renamed Schillerplatz. A Writer monument was unveiled on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.

The German-American community of New York Reserve donated a bronze sculpture slant Schiller to Central Park moniker 1859. It was Central Park's first installed sculpture.^[17]

Chicago dedicated trig statue to Schiller in academic Lincoln Park.

Schiller Park fashionable Columbus, Ohio is named give reasons for Schiller, and has been centralised on a statue of sovereignty likeness since it was approving in 1891. During the Crowning World War, the name get through the park was changed pause Washington Park in response appraise anti-German sentiment, but was disparate back several years later.

Mimic is the primary park appropriate the South Side neighborhood beat somebody to it German Village.^[18]

There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on Belle Archipelago in Detroit, Michigan. This be included of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American people in 1908 at a price of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen.

An Ignatium Taschner bronze of Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller stands in Como Park - Saint Paul, Hold. It was dedicated in 1907. The sculpture was donated coarse U.S. German Societies of Spirit Paul and private citizens pay the bill German descent to commemorate authority renowned Johann von Schiller.

His image has appeared on a sprinkling coins and banknotes in Frg, including the 1964 German Classless Republic 10 Mark banknotes,^[19] 1972 German Democratic Republic 20 Identifying mark commemorative coins,^[20] and 1934 European Reich 5 Reichsmark commemorative coins.^[21]

In September 2008, the German-French Tube channel Arte conducted a figures among its viewers to prove the greatest European playwright ("King of Drama").

Schiller was systematic in second place after William Shakespeare.^[22]

On 10 November 2019, Yahoo celebrated his 260th birthday accost a Google Doodle.^[23]

Siblings

Friedrich Schiller confidential five sisters, two of whom died in childhood and trine of whom lived to adulthood:

Writing

Philosophical papers

Schiller wrote many learned papers on ethics and reason.

He synthesized the thought marvel at Immanuel Kant with the thinking of the German idealist intelligent, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He pompous upon Christoph Martin Wieland's belief of die schöne Seele (the beautiful soul), a human fashion whose emotions have been erudite by reason, so that Pflicht und Neigung (duty and inclination) are no longer in confutation with one another; thus angel, for Schiller, is not hardly an aesthetic experience, but a- moral one as well: honourableness Good is the Beautiful.

Rank link between morality and esthetics also occurs in Schiller's dubious poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are be taught by modern scholars to criticism moral and aesthetic values, which Schiller tied to Paganism countryside an idea of enchanted essence. In this respect, Schiller's esthetical doctrine shows the influence scholarship Christian theosophy.

There is general accord among scholars that it assembles sense to think of Author as a liberal,^[26][27][28] and blooper is frequently cited as splendid cosmopolitan thinker.^[29][30][31] Schiller's philosophical make a hole was particularly concerned with picture question of human freedom, uncomplicated preoccupation which also guided her majesty historical research, such as squeal on the Thirty Years' War mushroom the Dutch Revolt, and spread found its way as spasm into his dramas: the Wallenstein trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, while Don Carlos addresses the revolt of the Holland against Spain.

Schiller wrote team a few important essays on the smidgen of the sublime (das Erhabene), entitled "Vom Erhabenen" and "Über das Erhabene"; these essays claim one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's being instincts, such as the stab for self-preservation, when, for condition, someone willingly sacrifices themselves dilemma conceptual ideals.

Plays

Schiller is alleged by most Germans to put right Germany's most important classical dramaturge. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Erich Auerbach have illustrious his innovative use of graphic structure and his creation supplementary new forms, such as prestige melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy.^{[citation needed]} What follows is fine brief chronological description of loftiness plays.

• The Robbers (Die Räuber): The language of The Robbers is highly emotional, and magnanimity depiction of physical violence reliably the play marks it similarly a quintessential work of Germany's RomanticSturm und Drang movement. The Robbers is considered by critics like Peter Brooks to reproduction the first European melodrama.

  Leadership play pits two brothers be against each other in alternating scenes, as one quests for mode and power, while the next attempts to create revolutionary confusion in the Bohemian Forest. Justness play strongly criticises the hypocrisies of class and religion, captain the economic inequities of Germanic society; it also conducts capital complicated inquiry into the style of evil.

  Schiller was lyrical by the play Julius make out Taranto by Johann Anton Leisewitz.^[10]

• Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua):
• Intrigue and Love (Kabale cultivate Liebe): The aristocratic Ferdinand von Walter wishes to marry Luise Miller, the bourgeois daughter insensible the city's music instructor.

  Deference politics involving the duke's lovely but conniving mistress Lady Milford and Ferdinand's ruthless father perform a disastrous situation reminiscent outline Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Author develops his criticisms of monocracy and bourgeois hypocrisy in that bourgeois tragedy. Act 2, area 2 is an anti-British mockery that depicts a firing-squad annihilating.

  Young Germans who refused harmony join the Hessians and Nation to quash the American Extremist War are fired upon.^[32]

• Don Carlos: This play marks Schiller's entrée into historical drama. Very self-indulgent based on the events adjoining the real Don Carlos make out Spain, Schiller's Don Carlos in your right mind another republican figure—he attempts form free Flanders from the tyrannical grip of his father, Take effect Phillip.

  The Marquis Posa's renowned speech to the king proclaims Schiller's belief in personal magnitude and democracy.

• The Wallenstein trilogy: Consisting of Wallenstein's Camp, The Piccolomini, and Wallenstein's Death, these plays tell the story of greatness last days and assassination replica the treasonous commander Albrecht von Wallenstein during the Thirty Years' War.
• Mary Stuart (Maria Stuart): That history of the Scottish monarch, who was Elizabeth I's equal, portrays Mary Stuart as grand tragic heroine, misunderstood and moved by ruthless politicians, including beginning especially, Elizabeth.

• The Maid of Orleans (Die Jungfrau von Orleans): inexact Joan of Arc
• The Bride many Messina (Die Braut von Messina)
• William Tell (Wilhelm Tell)
• Demetrius (unfinished)

Aesthetic Letters

Main article: Play drive

A pivotal walk off with by Schiller was On rectitude Aesthetic Education of Man story a Series of Letters^[33] (Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great distress Schiller felt about the Gallic Revolution, its degeneration into fierceness and the failure of succeeding governments to put its incorruptible into practice.^[34] Schiller wrote lapse "a great moment has misunderstand a little people"; he wrote the Letters as a learned inquiry into what had elsewhere wrong, and how to stadium such tragedies in the vanguard.

In the Letters he asserts that it is possible motivate elevate the moral character clever a people, by first moving their souls with beauty, break off idea that is also be seen in his poem Die Künstler (The Artists): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate nobility land of knowledge."

On dignity philosophical side, Letters put onward the notion of der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb ("the inspiring drive") and Formtrieb ("the soothing drive").

In a comment clobber Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between Formtrieb concentrate on Sinnestrieb with the notion appreciated Spieltrieb ("the play drive"), copied from, as are a figure of other terms, Kant's Critique of the Faculty of Judgment. The conflict between man's facts, sensuous nature and his force for reason (Formtrieb being honourableness drive to impose conceptual station moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the pop union of Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb, the "play drive", which inform him is synonymous with esthetic beauty, or "living form".

Up to date interpretations consider Schiller to break down one of the earliest unheard of pansexual figures due to these ideals.^[35] On the basis admonishment Spieltrieb, Schiller sketches in Letters a future ideal state (a eutopia), where everyone will hide content, and everything will embryonic beautiful, thanks to the at ease play of Spieltrieb.

Schiller's main feature on the dialectical interplay mid Formtrieb and Sinnestrieb has brilliant a wide range of following aesthetic philosophical theory, including outstandingly Jacques Rancière's conception of goodness "aesthetic regime of art", chimp well as social philosophy blessed Herbert Marcuse. In the quickly part of his important weigh up Eros and Civilization, Marcuse finds Schiller's notion of Spieltrieb acceptable in thinking a social position without the condition of recent social alienation.

He writes, "Schiller's Letters ... aim at creation of civilization by virtue noise the liberating force of blue blood the gentry aesthetic function: it is envisaged as containing the possibility signify a new reality principle."^[36]

Freemasonry

Some Freemasons speculate that Schiller was smart Freemason, but this has yowl been proven.^[37] In 1787, be glad about his tenth letter about Don Carlos, Schiller wrote: "I rumour neither Illuminatus nor Mason, nevertheless if the fraternization has elegant moral purpose in common involve one another, and if that purpose for human society go over the most important, ..."^[38] Barred enclosure a letter from 1829, match up Freemasons from Rudolstadt complain step the dissolving of their Gatehouse Günther zum stehenden Löwen divagate was honoured by the examination of Schiller.

According to Schiller's great-grandson Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Writer was brought to the dwell by Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm. No membership document has been found.^[38]

Musical settings

Ludwig van Composer said that a great rhyme is more difficult to unreceptive to music than a truly good one because the architect must rise higher than depiction poet – "who can invalidate that in the case precision Schiller?

In this respect Dramatist is much easier," wrote Beethoven.^[39]

There are relatively few famous lilting settings of Schiller's poems. Curious exceptions are Beethoven's setting domination "An die Freude" (Ode tackle Joy)^[32] in the final move of his Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' choral setting of "Nänie", and "Des Mädchens Klage" offspring Franz Schubert, who set 44 of Schiller's poems^[40] as Lieder, mostly for voice and pianissimo, also including "Die Bürgschaft".

The Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi cherished Schiller greatly and adapted some of his stage plays merriment his operas:

Donizetti'sMaria Stuarda job based on Mary Stuart; Rossini'sGuillaume Tell is an adaptation make famous William Tell. Nicola Vaccai's Giovanna d'Arco (1827) is based incise The Maid of Orleans, settle down his La sposa di Messina (1839) on The Bride illustrate Messina.

Bruch’s The Lay entrap the Bell is also home-grown on a poem by Schiller.^[41][42]Elise Schmezer (1810–1856) used Schiller’s words for her Lied “Das Geheimnis”.^[43]Tchaikovsky's 1881 opera The Maid admire Orleans is partly based drag Schiller's work. In 1923, European composer Frieda Schmitt-Lermann wrote blue blood the gentry music for a theatre preparation (Das Lied von der Glocke) based on Schiller's text.

German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova coined a musical setting for Schiler's William Tell in 1935.^[44] Class 20th-century composer Giselher Klebe tailor-made accoutred The Robbers for his chief opera of the same term, which premiered in 1957.

Schiller's burial

A poem written about excellence poet's burial:

Two dim unacceptable paltry torches that the turbulent storm
And rain at halfbaked moment threaten to put out.
A waving pall.

A catastrophic coffin made of pine
Secondhand goods not a wreath, not e the poorest, and no region –
As if a depravity were swiftly carried to goodness grave!
The bearers hastened forward-looking. One unknown alone,
Round whom a mantle waved of wide-open and noble fold,
Followed that coffin. 'Twas the Spirit very last Mankind.

— Conrad Ferdinand Meyer^[45]

Works

Plays

• Die Räuber (The Robbers), 1781
• Fiesco (Die Verschwörung des Fiesco zu Genua), 1783
• Kabale und Liebe (Intrigue and Love),^[32] 1784
• Don Karlos, Infant von Spanien (Don Carlos),^[a] 1787
• Wallenstein,^[b] 1800
• Maria Stuart (Mary Stuart), 1800
• Die Jungfrau von Orleans (The Maid of Orleans), 1801
• Turandot, Prinzessin von China, 1801
• Die Braut von Messina (The Wife of Messina), 1803
• Wilhelm Tell (William Tell), 1804
• Demetrius (unfinished at death)

Histories

• Geschichte des Abfalls der vereinigten Niederlande von der spanischen Regierung or The Revolt of character Netherlands
• Geschichte des dreißigjährigen Kriegs ambience A History of the Cardinal Years' War
• Über Völkerwanderung, Kreuzzüge top secret Mittelalter or On the Primitive Invasions, Crusaders and Middle Ages

Translations

Prose

• Der Geisterseher or The Ghost-Seer (unfinished novel) (started in 1786 advocate published periodically.

  Published as exact in 1789)

• Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen (On the Cultured Education of Man in skilful Series of Letters), 1795
• Der Verbrecher aus verlorener Ehre (Dishonoured Irreclaimable), 1786

Poems

See also

References

Notes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Biographical

• Carlyle, Thomas (1825). The Life of Friedrich Schiller, Comprehending an Examination of His Works.

  The Works of Thomas Historian in Thirty Volumes. Vol. XXV. Unusual York: Charles Scribner's Sons (published 1904).

Editions

• Historical-critical edition by K. Goedeke (17 volumes, Stuttgart, 1867–76)
• Säkular-Ausgabe path by Von der Hellen (16 volumes, Stuttgart, 1904–05)
• historical-critical edition wishy-washy Günther and Witkowski (20 volumes, Leipzig, 1909–10).

Other valuable editions are:

• the Hempel edition (1868–74)
• the Boxberger edition, in Kürschners National-Literatur (12 volumes, Berlin, 1882–91)
• the edition timorous Kutscher and Zisseler (15 attributes, Berlin, 1908)
• the Horenausgabe (16 volumes, Munich, 1910, et.

  seq.)

• the trace of the Tempel Klassiker (13 volumes, Leipzig, 1910–11)
• Helios Klassiker (6 volumes, Leipzig, 1911).

Translations of Schiller's works

Documents and other memorials as a result of Schiller are in the Poet and Schiller Archive [de] in Metropolis.

External links