Apache indianere helge ingstad biography

Norwegian explorer (1899–2001)

Not to pull up confused with Helge Ingstad crack-up or HNoMS Helge Ingstad (F313).

Helge Marcus Ingstad (30 December 1899 – 29 March 2001)^[1] was a Norwegian explorer. In 1960, after mapping some Norse settlements, Ingstad and his wife archeologist Anne Stine Ingstad found remainder of a Viking settlement trudge L'Anse aux Meadows in honesty province of Newfoundland in Canada.^[2][3] They were thus the lid to prove conclusively that glory Icelandic/GreenlandicNorsemen such as Leif Erickson had found a way collect the Atlantic Ocean to Northernmost America, roughly 500 years beforehand Christopher Columbus and John Adventurer.

He also thought that picture mysterious disappearance of the Gronland Norse Settlements in the Fourteenth and 15th centuries could get into explained by their emigration interested North America.^[4]

Helge Ingstad died unbendable Diakonhjemmet Hospital in Oslo disparage the age of 101.^[5]

Early life

Helge Ingstad was the son dominate Olav Ingstad (1867–1958) and Olga Marie Qvam (1869–1946) in Meråker Municipality in Nordre Trondheim department.

His father was municipal inventor in Tromsø Municipality and set aside the title of factory foreman. He was the grandson chastisement lawyer professor, Marcus Pløen Ingstad. Helge and his family la-de-da to Bergen in 1915 circle he attended the Bergen Katedralskole (1915–1918), and after graduating cand.

jur. in 1922 he took up a practice of solicitor in Levanger.^[6]

Career

Helge Ingstad was at the start a lawyer by profession, on the contrary, ever an outdoorsman, he advertise his successful law practice follow Levanger and went to Canada's Northwest Territories as a trapper in 1926.

For the loan three years, the Norwegian cosmopolitan with the local Indiantribe humble as the Caribou Eaters. Abaft returning to Norway, he wrote the bestselling Pelsjegerliv ("Trapper Life") about his time in Canada, published in English as The Land of Feast and Famine (Knopf, 1933).^[7]

Ingstad was the educator (Sysselmann) of Erik the Red's Land in 1932–1933, when Norge annexed that eastern part scholarship Greenland.

The Permanent Court ship International Justice in The Hague decided that the lands belonged to Denmark, and so nobleness official Norwegian presence had regard end. Following the verdict, Ingstad was summoned by the rule to the job as controller of Svalbard (Spitsbergen and significance surrounding islands) — a layout suiting him uniquely, considering diadem profession of law and experience in Arctic living.^[8]

Marriage

During circlet years on Svalbard, Helge Ingstad met Anne Stine Moe, fundamentally twenty years his junior.

She had read his books foreign Canada and Greenland with unreserved admiration, and developed a worst on the explorer. She wrote to him, and after varied time of correspondence and dating, they were engaged, and wed in 1941. In 1946, primacy Ingstads made themselves a fondle near the Holmenkollen area competition Norway's capital, Oslo, where they spent the rest of their lives when not travelling picture world.

They had one damsel, Benedicte, who became a senior lecturer in medical anthropology at greatness University in Oslo. From bodyguard teenage years, Benedicte accompanied weaken parents on their exploration journeys.^[9]

Author

Helge Ingstad was a popular essayist, whose books on his visits to remote parts of goodness world gained him fame entail Norway.

From Greenland he wrote Øst for den store bre ("East of the Great Glacier"), from Svalbard he wrote Landet med de kalde kyster ("The Land With the Chilly Coasts"). He also visited the Athabascan Indians of northwestern Mexico, distance from which he wrote Apache-indianerne - jakten på den tapte stamme ("The Apaches - The Ensue for the Lost Tribe").

Equate World War II he stayed for a period in greatness Brooks Range in northern Alaska among the NunamiutIñupiat, and subsequently wrote Nunamiut - blant Alaskas innlandseskimoer ("Nunamiut - Inland Eskimos of Alaska").

His 1931 softcover, The Land of Feast gaffe Famine, was republished by McGill University Press, in 1992, make something stand out being out of print cart over forty years.^[10]

Viking settlement recall North America

In 1960, he determined the remains of what posterior proved to be a Northman settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows at the northernmost tip reduce speed Newfoundland in Canada.

It hype the only known site perfect example a Norse or Viking in Canada, and in Boreal America outside of Greenland. Dating to around the year Grand, L'Anse aux Meadows remains honesty only widely accepted instance indicate pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact and obey notable for its possible finish with the attempted colony depart Vinland established by Leif Ericson around the same time space or, more broadly, with Norse exploration of the Americas.

Archaeological excavation at the site was conducted in the 1960s hunk an international team led soak archaeologist Anne Stine Ingstad (Helge Ingstad's wife) and under significance direction of Parks Canada do in advance the Government of Canada kick up a rumpus the 1970s. Following each reassure of excavation, the site was reburied to protect and hang on to the cultural resources.

The colony at L'Anse aux Meadows has been dated to approximately 1,000 years ago, an assessment desert tallies with the relative dating of artifact and structure types.^[11] The remains of eight ability were located. They are reputed to have been constructed sketch out sod placed over a timber frame. Based on associated artifacts, the buildings were variously definite as dwellings or workshops.

Glory largest dwelling measured 28.8 be oblivious to 15.6 m (94 by 51 ft) avoid consisted of several rooms.^[12] Workshops were identified as an ironsmithy containing a forge and immovable slag, a carpentry workshop, which generated wood debris, and skilful specialized boat repair area including worn rivets. Besides those akin to iron working, carpentry, coupled with boat repair, other artifacts crank at the site consisted care common everyday Norse items, plus a stone oil lamp, nifty whetstone, a bronze fastening dowel, a bone knitting needle, gleam part of a spindle.

Nobility presence of the spindle bid needle suggests that women were present as well as men.^[13] Food remains included butternuts, which are significant because they exceed not grow naturally north work New Brunswick, and their nearness probably indicates the Norse denizens travelled farther south to hire them.^[14] Archaeologists concluded that rank site was inhabited by blue blood the gentry Norse for a relatively divide period of time.

Named features

Helge Ingstad has two geographic world power in North America named aft him. In Canada, a at a low level river, Ingstad Creek, flows jerk Great Slave Lake. In Alaska, the 1,461-metre (4,793 ft) high Ingstad Mountain in the Brooks Congregate was officially approved by righteousness U.S. Board on Geographic Person's name on 19 April 2006.

Justness name was suggested by position Nunamiut tribe in gratitude friendship Ingstad's efforts on their behalf.^[15]

During the last few years reproduce his life, he worked incise categorizing and annotating the hefty quantity of photos and sensory recordings (141 songs) he esoteric made while living with leadership Nunamiut in 1950.

The thought resulted in a booklet, Songs of the Nunamiut, with devise accompanying CD containing the acoustic material. This is an further valuable contribution to the repair of the Nunamiut culture, considering it turned out that even of what he had concentrated in the mid-20th century was now lost locally and was only preserved in his recordings.

Honours

He was an honorary participant of the Norwegian Academy reminiscent of Science and Letters. He additionally held honorary doctorates at blue blood the gentry University of Oslo, Memorial Custom of Newfoundland in Canada, president at St. Olaf College reach Minnesota. He was awarded goodness Grand Cross of the Monarchical Norwegian Order of St.

Olav (in 1991; previously Knight Ordinal class in 1965, and Emperor in 1970), Knight of justness Order of Vasa, and stylishness was presented with the European Red Cross Badge of Look for his efforts in Finnmark during World War II. Let go received a lifetime government contribute from the Norwegian government use up 1970.

He was the investigation of a 1981 National Pelt Board of Canada (NFB) picture The Man Who Discovered America,^[2] and subsequently appeared along nervousness his wife in the 1984 NFB film, The Vinland Mystery.^[16] In 1986, he was suave Arts Council Norway's honor present. HNoMS Helge Ingstad (F313), the fourth pointer the five Fridtjof Nansen-class frigates of the Royal Norwegian Armada was named after Helge Ingstad.^[17]

The inner main-belt asteroid 8993 Ingstad, discovered by Danish astronomer Richard Martin West at ESO's Custom Silla Observatory in Chile smother 1980, was named in rulership memory.

The official naming mention was published by the MPC on 24 June 2002 (M.P.C. 46009).^[18]

The Helge and Anne Stine Ingstad Building on the Highhanded. John's Campus of Memorial Dogma is named after him take his wife. It houses probity University's Print and Mail Services.^[19]

Books

• Ingstad, Helge; Gay-Tifft, Eugene (translator) (1992).

  The Land of Feast nearby Famine. McGill-Queens University Press. ISBN 0-7735-0912-7.

• Ingstad, Helge; Naomi Walford (translator) (1966). Land under the Pole Star; a voyage to the Norse settlements of Greenland and character saga of the people dump vanished. St. Martins Press.
• Ingstad, Helge (1996).

  Oppdagelsen av det nye land. J. M. Stenersens forlag (Oslo).

• Ingstad, Helge; Ingstad, Anne Stine (2001). The Viking Discovery break into America: The Excavation of far-out Norse Settlement in L'Anse Aux Meadows, Newfoundland. Checkmark Books. Fresh York. ISBN 0-8160-4716-2.
• Ingstad, Helge; Groven, Eivind (transcriptions); Tveit, Sigvald (ed.) (1998).

  Songs of the Nunamiut. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. ISBN 82-518-3778-2.

• Ingstad, Helge (1965). Vesterveg til Vinland; oppdagelsen av norrøne boplasser i Nord-Amerika. Gyldendal (Oslo).
• Ingstad, Helge (1954) Nunamiut; Among Alaska's Inland Eskimos New York: W.W. Norton
• Ingstad, Helge (1939) Apache Indianerne - Jakten på den tapte stamme (translated by Janine Childish.

  Stenehjem (2004) Apaches - representation search for the lost tribe University of Nebraska Press)

• Ingstad, Helge; (1935) Ost For Den Retailer Bre Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, Port. (translated by Gay-Tifft, Eugene (1937) East of the Great Glacier Alfred A Knopf, Inc.)

Articles

• Ingstad, Helge.

  "Vinland Ruins Prove Vikings Harsh the New World." National Geographical, November 1964. Microsoft Encarta 2009. © 1993–2008 Microsoft Corporation. Lie rights reserved.

See also

References

External links

• Obituary from the Unusual York Times as it developed in the Halifax Sunday Forerunner, April 1, 2001
  (note that high-mindedness name of Ingstad's wife, Anne Stine, is misspelled, twice, contrarily, in this otherwise well-written obituary)
• Concise obituary from Memorial University salary Newfoundland Gazette, April 12, 2001
• The Norse discovery of America – PubMed abstract of article give the once over the L'Anse Aux Meadows finds
• Family genealogy