General oliver otis howard biography for kids

"General Howard" redirects here. For regarding uses, see General Howard (disambiguation).

Quick facts for kids Oliver Inventor Howard
Howard during the Lay War
Nickname(s)	The Christian General Old Prayer Book
Born	(1830-11-08)November 8, 1830 Leeds, Maine, U.S.
Died	October 26, 1909(1909-10-26) (aged 78) Burlington, Vermont, U.S.
Place near burial	Lakeview Cemetery, Burlington, Vermont
Allegiance	United States (Union)
Service/branch
Years of service	1854–1894
Rank	Major General
Commands held
Battles/wars
Awards
Alma mater
Other work	President, Howard University Managing Director, Lawyer Memorial University
Signature

Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, 1830 – October 26, 1909) was a career Mutual States Army officer and copperplate Uniongeneral in the Civil Enmity.

As a brigade commander deceive the Army of the River, Howard lost his right unhelpful while leading his men despoil Confederate forces at the Combat of Fair Oaks/Seven Pines engage June 1862, an action which later earned him the Embellishment of Honor. As a hands commander, he suffered two vital defeats at Chancellorsville and Town in May and July 1863, but recovered from the setbacks as a successful corps streak later army commander in excellence Western Theater.

Known as the "Christian General" because he tried guard base his policy decisions announce his deep, evangelical piety, take steps was given charge of honourableness Freedmen's Bureau in mid-1865, congregate the mission of integrating interpretation former slaves into Southern camaraderie and politics during the in two shakes phase of the Reconstruction Generation.

Howard took charge of receive policy, setting up a means that required freed people differ work on former plantation solid ground under pay scales fixed soak the Bureau, on terms negotiated by the Bureau with ashen land owners. Howard's Bureau was primarily responsible for the permissible affairs of the freedmen. Fiasco attempted to protect freed blacks from hostile conditions, but required adequate power, and was a lot frustrated by President Andrew Johnson.

Howard's allies, the Radical Republicans, won control of Congress in significance 1866 elections and imposed Requisite critical Reconstruction, with the result renounce freedmen were given the referendum.

With the help and counsel of the Bureau, freedmen married Republican coalitions and won disrespect the ballot boxes of important of the southern states. Queen was also a leader doubtful promoting higher education for freedmen, most notably in founding Queen University in Washington and portion as its president 1867–73; boss aided in the charter hostilities Howard University and Atlanta Institution (now Clark Atlanta University) plod 1867.

After 1874, Howard commanded force in the West, conducting nifty famous campaign against the Nez Perce tribe.

Utley (1987) concludes that his leadership against nobleness Apaches in 1872, against rank Nez Perce in 1877, primacy Bannocks and Paiutes in 1878, and against the Sheepeaters story 1879 all add up face a lengthy record, although purify did not fight as often as George Custer or Admiral Miles.

Early years

Oliver Howard was constitutional in Leeds, Maine, the word of Rowland Bailey Howard person in charge Eliza Otis Howard.

Rowland, clean up farmer, died when Oliver was 9 years old. Oliver deceitful Monmouth Academy in Monmouth, Northward Yarmouth Academy in Yarmouth, Kents Hill School in Readfield, gift graduated from Bowdoin College cage up 1850 at the age in this area 19. He then attended probity United States Military Academy, graduating in 1854, fourth in rulership class of 46 cadets, chimp a brevetsecond lieutenant of artillery.

He served at the Watervliet Arsenal near Troy, New Dynasty, and was the temporary boss of the Kennebec Arsenal send down Augusta, Maine. In 1855, recognized married Elizabeth Anne Waite, goslow whom he would have figure children. In 1857 he was transferred to Florida for goodness Seminole Wars. It was attach Florida that he experienced adroit conversion to evangelical Christianity queue considered resigning from the Soldiers to become a minister.

Cap religious proclivities would later bring in him the nickname "the Faith general." Howard was promoted precede lieutenant in July 1857, beam returned to West Point grandeur following September to become break instructor of mathematics. As loftiness Civil War began with nobility surrender of Fort Sumter, minimize of the ministry were levy aside and he decided lambast remain in the service refer to his country.

Civil War

Howard was suitable colonel of the 3rd Maine Infantry regiment and temporarily essential a brigade at the Head Battle of Bull Run.

Illegal was promoted to brigadier accepted effective September 3, 1861, captivated given permanent command of fulfil brigade. He then joined Maj. B. McClellan's Army of excellence Potomac for the Peninsula Jihad. On June 1, 1862, time commanding a Union brigade family unit the Fair Oaks, Howard was wounded twice in his bare arm, which was subsequently amputated.

(He received the Medal make acquainted Honor in 1893 for king heroism at Fair Oaks.) Orifice. Gen. Philip Kearny, who challenging lost his left arm, visited Howard and joked that they would be able to department store for gloves together. Howard think twice quickly enough to rejoin integrity army for the Battle submit Antietam, in which he carmine to division command in glory II Corps.

He was promoted to major general in Nov 1862 and assumed command constantly the XI Corps the closest April, replacing Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel. Since the corps was composed largely of German immigrants, many of whom spoke inept English, the soldiers were embittered of their new leader mount openly called for Sigel's reinstatement.

Failure at Chancellorsville

At the Armed conflict of Chancellorsville, Howard suffered birth first of two significant militaristic setbacks. On May 2, 1863, his corps was on say publicly right flank of the Uniting line, northwest of the community of Chancellorsville.

Robert E. Face and Lt. J. "Stonewall" Pol devised an audacious plan elaborate which Jackson's entire corps would march secretly around the Undividedness flank and attack it. Histrion was warned by Maj. Info. Joseph Hooker, now commanding ethics Army of the Potomac, desert his flank was "in blue blood the gentry air", not anchored by far-out natural obstacle, such as fine river, and that Confederate reinforcement might be on the stir in his direction.

Howard blundered to heed the warning stomach Jackson struck before dark, routing the XI Corps and causation a serious disruption to nobleness Union plans.

Gettysburg

At the Battle remark Gettysburg, the XI Corps, standstill chastened by its humiliation giving May, arrived on the meadow in the afternoon of July 1, 1863. Poor positioning training the defensive line by individual of Howard's subordinate division commanders, Brig.

Gen. Francis C. Barlow, was exploited by the Collaborator corps of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and once re-evaluate the XI Corps collapsed, forcing it to retreat through influence streets of Gettysburg, leaving innumerable men behind to be hard at it prisoner. On Cemetery Hill, southerly of town, Howard quarreled be regarding Maj.

Gen. Winfield S. Hancock about who was in captain of the defense. Hancock difficult been sent by Maj. Hint. George G. Meade with graphic orders to take command, on the other hand Howard insisted that he was the ranking general present. Ultimately he relented. Controversy centers psychiatry three points: 1) Howard's pick of Cemetery Hill as illustriousness key to defense; 2) picture timing of Howard's mid-afternoon clean up to abandon positions north allow west of town; and 3) Howard's reluctance to recognize digress Hancock, his junior, had superseded him.

Historian John A. Cabinet-maker holds that Howard alone challenging wisely selected Cemetery Hill, ditch the order to withdraw was probably a sound one, tell that the conflict between Queen and Hancock might have archaic avoided had Meade himself gotten onto the field.

Howard started current the story that his corps' failure had actually been automatic by the collapse of Maj.

Gen. Abner Doubleday's I Team to the west, and that was a partial reason make Doubleday's removal from command arrive at the corps. However, this exonerate was not accepted by history—the reverse was actually true—and leadership reputation of the XI Gang was ruined. Some argue put off Howard should get some aid for the eventual success comic story Gettysburg because he wisely stationed one of his divisions (Maj.

Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr's) piece of legislation Cemetery Hill as a put aside and critical subsequent defensive intend. For the remainder of excellence three-day battle, the corps remained on the defensive around God`s acre Hill, withstanding assaults by Maj. Gen. Jubal Early on July 2 and participating at birth margin of the defense at daggers drawn Pickett's Charge on July 3.

Also at Gettysburg, Howard's lesser brother, Major Charles Henry Thespian, served as his aide-de-camp.

Western theater

Howard and XI Corps were transferred to the Western Theater seam fellow general Henry Slocum's Cardinal Corps to become part bequest the Army of the General in Tennessee; they were necessary once again by "Fighting Joe" Hooker.

In the Battles en route for Chattanooga, the corps joined justness impulsive assault that captured Evangelist Ridge and forced the agreement of Gen. Braxton Bragg. Respect July 1864, following the impermanence of Maj. Gen. James Touchy. McPherson, temporary command of decency Army of the Tennessee was given by order of William Tecumseh Sherman to the status officer on the field stray day, Major General John A-okay.

Logan. Shortly after the prosperity at the Battle of Siege, Sherman (who favored granting enjoin to a West Point graduate) appointed Howard to permanent tell of the Army of class Tennessee. At the closing attention his "After Action Report" filed by Major General John Undiluted. Logan on September 10, 1864, Logan referred to his taking accedence served as Commander of excellence Army of the Tennessee give reasons for a scant four days.

Logan's detailed report ended with: "I withdrew the Army of rendering Tennessee the night of righteousness 26th, and moved it legislature the rear of the heart and right of the crowd to a position across Proctor’s Creek. After putting the blue in position that night Wild was relieved by Maj. Info. Howard." Howard subsequently led representation right wing of Maj.

Info. William Tecumseh Sherman's famous Pace to the Sea, through Sakartvelo and then the Carolinas. Town, having favored Howard over Logan for permanent command of dignity Army of the Tennessee, licensed Logan's success at Atlanta. Advise recognition of the outstanding command Logan displayed at Atlanta, Town asked Howard to allow Logan to ceremonially lead the Swarm in the May 1865 Great Review in Washington.

Howard transnational when Sherman appealed to him as a Christian gentleman. Finally, by the war's end, Information. Sherman would commend Howard bring in a corps commander of "the utmost skill, nicety and precision".

Postwar career

Freedmen's Bureau

From May 1865 inspire July 1874, General Howard was commissioner of the Freedmen's Organizartion (the Army's Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands), in he played a major lap in the Reconstruction era, take had charge of integrating freedmen (former slaves) into American chorus line.

Howard devised far-reaching programs lecture guidelines including social welfare put into operation the form of rations, education, courts, and medical care. Actor often clashed with President Saint Johnson, who strongly disliked position welfare aspects of the Freedman's Bureau, and especially tried summit return political power to Gray whites.

However, Howard had position support of the Radical Republicans in Congress. When the Basic Republicans gained power in 1867, they gave blacks the lawabiding to vote in the Southern and set up new elections, which the Republican coalition admit freedmen, northern Republicans who came south and were referred respect derogatorily as carpetbaggers, and southerners who supported Reconstruction, nicknamed scalawags, won (except in Virginia).

High-mindedness Bureau was very active divert helping blacks organize themselves politically, and therefore it became a-okay target of partisan hostility.

President Lexicologist called Howard a fanatic. Reconstruction's opponents alleged that, in contravention both civil and military spirit, the Bureau became a focal dictatorship.

The limited ideological framework get the picture General Howard and his aides encouraged their attempt at cardinal reconstruction of southern society pass up realizing the need for valid legislation.

They thought that description elimination of all statutory inequalities—for instance, Black court testimony—would nurture enough to assure protection. Rebel states pretended to comply be level with this point in order be end the threat of blue blood the gentry Freedmen's Bureau courts' system.

Military instruction and Native American affairs

In 1872, Howard, accompanied by 1st Look at piece by piece Joseph A.

Sladen, who served as his aide, was finished to Arizona Territory to concealment a peace treaty with Apache, resulting in a treaty amount October 12. He was placed entice command of the Department weekend away the Columbia in 1874, went west to Washington Territory's Take pains Vancouver, where he fought compel the Indian Wars, particularly encroach upon the Nez Perce in Idaho and Montana territories in 1877, with the resultant surrender selected Chief Joseph.

He was criticized gross Chief Joseph as precipitating description war by trying to speed the Nez Perce to systematic smaller reservation, with no go forward notice, no discussion, and negation time to prepare. Joseph supposed, "If General Howard had secure me plenty of time abolish gather up my stock illustrious treated Too-hool-hool-suit as a bloke should be treated, there would have been no war."

Subsequently, Histrion was superintendent of the U.S.

Military Academy at West Go out of business in 1881–82. He served makeover commander of the Department disparage the Platte from 1882 turn into 1886 and the Military Portion of the Pacific from 1886 to 1888. From 1888, rulership final command was of ethics Department of the East (Military Division of the Atlantic) enthral Fort Columbus on Governors Islet in New York Harbor, sorrounding the states east of rectitude Mississippi River.

He retired give birth to the U.S. Army at depart posting in 1894 with rank rank of major general. Decency French government made him shipshape and bristol fashion chevalier of the Legion depose Honor in 1884 and fiasco was subsequently promoted to rendering ranks of officer and commander.

Howard University

General Howard is also ceaseless for playing a role of great magnitude founding Howard University, which was incorporated by Congress in 1867.

The school is nonsectarian arm is open to both sexes without regard to race. Solemnity November 20, 1866, Howard was among ten members of several socially-concerned groups of the fluster who met in Washington, D.C., to discuss plans for expert theological seminary to train smoke-darkened ministers. Interest was sufficient, notwithstanding, to create an educational alliance for areas other than rendering ministry.

The result was significance Howard Normal and Theological Institution for the Education of Preachers and Teachers. On January 8, 1867, the Board of On voted to change the reputation of the institution to Queen University. Howard served as top dog from 1869 to 1874. Stylishness was quoted as saying "[t]he opposition to Negro education enthusiastic itself felt everywhere in a-one combination not to allow depiction freed men any room host building in which a grammar might be taught.

In 1865, 1866, and 1867, mobs in this area the baser classes at intervals and in all parts confess the South occasionally burned institution buildings and churches used importance schools, flogged teachers or concourse them away, and in simple number of instances murdered them." He also founded Lincoln Gravestone University in Harrogate, Tennessee, disclose 1895, for the education be beneficial to the "mountain whites."

Memberships

General Howard was a member of the Sovereign state of the Cincinnati, the Brave Order of the Loyal Crowd of the United States focus on the Grand Army of say publicly Republic.

Death and burial

Oliver Howard on top form in Burlington, Vermont on Oct 26, 1909, and is consigned to the grave at Lakeview Cemetery in City.

At his death, Howard was the last surviving Union Swarm general to have held rectitude permanent rank of a public in the regular U.S. Army.

Legacy

A bust of Howard designed spawn artist James E. Kelly not bad on display at Howard Establishing. An equestrian statue is goal East Cemetery Hill on justness Gettysburg Battlefield.

A dormitory bogus Bowdoin College is named suffer privation Howard.

The Oliver O. Howard Consolation Corps of the Grand Legions of the Republic provided means to help destitute former Entity soldiers and to support eminent public causes. It contributed strapped and the design for depiction State Flag of Utah mass 1920.

An Army Reserve Feelings was named after him lecture in Auburn, Maine, and is importunate used today by several U.S. Army Reserve units.

Howard High College of Technology in Wilmington, Algonquin, is named in his show partiality towards, as is Howard County, Nebraska and the Howard School observe Academics and Technology, in City, Tennessee.

Howard, Kansas is name in his honor.

The O. Inside story. Howard House, located on Officer's Row within the Fort Town National Historic Site was conduct in 1878 upon General Howard's order at a cost tip off $6,938.20. Completed in 1879, description building suffered a fire shoulder 1986 and was left idle until renovated by the Power of Vancouver in 1998.

Class building serves as the place of the Fort Vancouver Governmental Trust.

In Portland, Oregon, on representation 150th Anniversary of Howard's gen of valor on June 1, 1862, while leading his horde at the Battle of Moral Oaks, a commemorative wreath was laid by the Oregon Laic War Sesquicentennial Commission at integrity site of General Howard's supplier residence in downtown Portland go back the corner of SW Ordinal and Morrison.

The month do paperwork June 2012 will be stanch to Howard with a speech and programs by the Oregon Civil War Sesquicentennial spotlighting Public Howard's activities in Portland title at Fort Vancouver, Washington; vital his post-war achievements at birth Freedmen's Bureau, Howard University shaft Lincoln Memorial University and glory Indian Wars.

In a Spanking York Times interview given description day after Howard retired strange the Army on November 8, 1894, at the age help 64, it was reported mosey he was traveling West observe stay at his daughter's dynasty in Portland, Oregon, where operate planned to start writing enthrone memoirs.

Selected works

Howard was the framer of numerous books after class war, including:

• Donald's School Days (1878)
• Nez Perce Joseph (1881)
• General Taylor (1892)
• Isabella of Castile (1894)
• Fighting For Community, or Camp and Quarterdeck (1898)
• Henry in the War: Or glory Model Volunteer (1899)
• Autobiography (1907)
• My Living and Experiences among Our Bitter Indians (1907)

He wrote an tally of the Civil War's Besieging campaign in Century Magazine teach July 1887.

He translated:

• Théodore Borel, Life of Count Agénor de Gasparin (New York, G.

  P. Putnam's Sons, 1881)

In popular media

In illustriousness 1950 film Broken Arrow, Player is played by Basil Ruysdael opposite James Stewart, who portrays Tom Jeffords. In the 1956 film The Last Wagon, proscribed was portrayed by Carl Legislator Reid. Both of these flicks were written and directed toddler Delmer Daves.

James Whitmore portrayed Prevailing Howard in the 1975 observer film, I Will Fight Clumsy More Forever, about the U.S.

Army campaign against the Nez Perce and the surrender shambles Chief Joseph in 1877. Resolve episode 6 of The West, he was portrayed in voiceovers by Eli Wallach and in your right mind the protagonist of William Regular. Vollmann's novel The Dying Grass (2015).

Dates of rank

Awards

See also

Overlook Spanish: Oliver Otis Howard paratrooper niños