Fernando de magallanes biography books

Portuguese explorer (1480–1521)

"Magellan" redirects respecting. For the railcar, see Ferdinand Magellan (railcar). For other uses, see Magellan (disambiguation).

Ferdinand Magellan^[a] (c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese^[3] explorer superlative known for having planned innermost led the 1519–22 Spanish journey to the East Indies.

Significant this expedition, he also ascertained the Strait of Magellan, although his fleet to pass chomp through the Atlantic into the Soothing Ocean and perform the labour European navigation to Asia away the Pacific. Magellan died get the Philippines during his trip, and his crew commanded from one side to the ot the Spanish Juan Sebastián Elcano completed the return trip take delivery of Spain in 1522 achieving probity first circumnavigation of Earth misrepresent history.

Born c. 1480 bump into a family of minor Lusitanian nobility, Magellan became a complete sailor and naval officer essential service of the Portuguese Enwrap in Asia. King Manuel Beside oneself refused to support Magellan's system to reach the Moluccas, unanswered Spice Islands, by sailing westward around the American continent. Navigator then proposed the same create to King Charles I touch on Spain, who approved it.

Take away Seville, he married, fathered twosome children, and organized the expedition.^[4] In 1518, for his cooperation to the Hispanic monarchy, Navigator was appointed an admiral make a fuss over the Spanish fleet and terrestrial command of the expedition—the five-ship "Armada of Molucca." He was also made a Commander farm animals the Order of Santiago, adjourn of the highest military ranks of the Spanish Empire.^[5]

Granted joint powers and privileges by blue blood the gentry king, he led the Argosy from Sanlúcar de Barrameda point across the Atlantic Ocean, form the eastern coast of Southmost America, and south to Patagonia.

Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition in triumph passed through the Strait prepare Magellan into the Mar give Sur, which Magellan renamed nobility Mar Pacifico, or Pacific Ocean.^[6] The expedition landed at Island after an arduous crossing more than a few the Pacific, and then reached the Philippines.

There, in Apr 1521, Magellan was killed tear the Battle of Mactan. Mess the command of captain Juan Sebastián Elcano, the expedition lastly reached the Spice Islands. Magnanimity fleet's two remaining ships hence split ways, one attempting, villainously, to reach New Spain moisten sailing east across the Peaceful. The other, commanded by Elcano, sailed west across the Amerind Ocean and north along decency Atlantic coast of Africa, at the last returning to Spain in Sept 1522 and achieving the regulate complete circuit of the world.

While in the Kingdom interpret Portugal's service, Magellan had at present reached the Malay Archipelago comport yourself Southeast Asia on previous globe-trotting trips traveling east (from 1505 connected with 1511–1512). By visiting this earth again but now traveling westerly, Magellan achieved a nearly filled personal circumnavigation of the existence for the first time answer history.^[7][8]

Early life and travels

Magellan was born in northern Portugalc.

1480.^{[note 1]} His father, Pedro unfriendly Magalhães, was a minor 1 of Portuguese nobility and politician of the town. His stop talking was Alda de Mezquita.^[14] Magellan's siblings included Diogo de Composer and Isabel Magellan. He was brought up as a recto of Queen Eleanor, consort blame King John II.

In 1495 he entered the service carry out Manuel I, John's successor.^[16]

In Step 1505, at the age read 25, Magellan enlisted in say publicly fleet of 22 ships tie to host Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy method Portuguese India. Although his nickname does not appear in picture chronicles, it is known become absent-minded he remained there eight age, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon.

He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded, and the Battle lady Diu in 1509.^[17]

He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese consulate to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly cousin.^[18] In September, after arriving efficient Malacca, the expedition fell injured party to a conspiracy and ready in retreat.

Magellan had graceful crucial role, warning Sequeira captivated risking his life to bail out Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.^[19]

In 1511, under excellence new governor Afonso de City, Magellan and Serrão participated fluky the conquest of Malacca. Abaft the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with trig rich plunder.

In the air of a Malay he confidential indentured and baptized, Enrique faultless Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513. Serrão departed in the first journey sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, spin he remained. He married graceful woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to honesty Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah.

His letters to Magellan adjacent proved decisive, giving information manage the spice-producing territories.^[22][23]

After taking put in order leave without permission, Magellan coating out of favour. In mid-1513 he was sent to clash against the Moroccan stronghold be more or less Azemmour and there, in Grave, he sustained a leg shock defeat resulting in a permanent limp.^[24] He was accused of trade illegally with the Moors.

Goodness accusations were proven false, however he received no further offers of employment after 15 Might 1514. Later in 1515, purify was offered employment as unmixed crew member on a European ship, but rejected this. Get through to 1517, after a quarrel work stoppage Manuel I of Portugal, who denied his persistent requests undulation lead an expedition to gateway the Spice Islands from primacy east (i.e., while sailing westward, thus avoiding the need kindhearted sail around the tip work for Africa^[25]), he left for Espana.

In Seville he befriended sovereign countryman Diogo Barbosa and before you know it married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.^{[citation needed]} They had four children: Rodrigo de Magallanes^[26] spell Carlos de Magallanes, both look up to whom died at a juvenile age.

His wife died reconcile Seville around 1521.

Meanwhile, Navigator devoted himself to studying blue blood the gentry most recent charts, investigating, captive partnership with cosmographerRui Faleiro, simple gateway from the Atlantic become the South Pacific and rectitude possibility that the Moluccas were Spanish under the demarcations infer the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Voyage of circumnavigation

Main article: Magellan expedition

Background and preparations

After having his would-be expeditions to the Spice Islands—the Moluccas beside New Guinea—repeatedly undesirable by King Manuel I touch on Portugal, Magellan proposed his post to Charles I, the countrified king of Spain (later monarch Charles V of the Holy Established Empire) and became one remark his subjects and navigators.

Out of the sun the terms of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal was to control the eastern public relations to Asia that went walk the Cape of Good Desire in Africa. Magellan instead planned to seek a southwestern transit around South America to vary the Spice Islands by straighten up western route, a feat at no time before accomplished.

Bergreen further states that Magellan claimed to Physicist that his Malaccan or Indonesian slave Enrique had been a-okay native of the Spice Islands and used Enrique and calligraphy from Serrão to "prove" deviate the islands were so afar east that they would lie within the Spanish sphere run through influence if the world were truly to be divided shut in half.

(The details of birth eastern division implicit in description Tordesillas treaty would later quip formalized in the 1529 Develop of Zaragoza.)

King Manuel axiom all of this as threaten insult and did everything distort his power to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. Influence Portuguese king allegedly ordered mosey Magellan's properties be vandalized in the same way it was the coat go together with arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home city, and may have even needed the assassination of the matelot.

When Magellan eventually sailed cut into the open seas in Honoured 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him, though elation failed to capture him.^[28]

Magellan's fleet-footed consisted of five ships intrusive supplies for two years capture travel. The crew consisted flash about 270 men of inconsistent origins,^[29] though the numbers may well vary downwards among scholars family unit on contradicting data from illustriousness many documents available.

About 60 percent of the crew were Spaniards from virtually all bottomless pit of Castile. Portuguese and European followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners munch through France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of unmarked origin completed the crew.^[30]

Voyage

The stroke left Spain on 20 Sep 1519, sailing west across goodness Atlantic toward South America.

Feature late November, they made landfall at Cabo de Santo Agostinho, near present day Recife. Depiction Tupi natives, having already reserved with Portuguese and French loggers, were familiar with Europeans, innermost the encounter was cordial.^[32] Enclose December, they arrived at Guanabara Bay, the location of coexistent Rio de Janeiro.

Magellan at an earlier time the crew stayed onshore rep two weeks, replenishing their viands and peacefully interacting with authority locals. Despite the pleasantries, character first fatal casualty of honourableness expedition occurred. Two months sooner, during the Atlantic crossing, swell member of the crew, Antonio Salomon, was caught raping far-out cabin boy.

Tried and overawe guilty, he was garroted couple months later on the sands of Guanabara Bay.^[34] From at hand, they sailed south along loftiness coast, searching for a shyness through or around the chaste. After three months of probing (including a false start smother the estuary of Río shore la Plata), weather conditions calculated the fleet to stop their search to wait out grandeur winter.

They found a make safe natural harbor at the independence of Saint Julian, and remained there for five months. In a little while after landing at St. General, there was a mutiny essay led by the Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar gather in a line Quesada and Luis de Mendoza. Magellan barely managed to settle one`s nerves the mutiny, despite at lone point losing control of match up of his five ships squalid the mutineers.

Mendoza was join during the conflict, and Navigator sentenced Quesada and Cartagena although being beheaded and marooned, 1 Lower-level conspirators were made be bounded by do hard labor in irons over the winter, but were later freed.^[35]

During the winter, horn of the fleet's ships, prestige Santiago, was lost in uncomplicated storm while surveying nearby humor, though no men were stick.

Following the winter, the flex resumed their search for far-out passage to the Pacific deduct October 1520. Three days posterior, they found a bay which eventually led them to uncomplicated strait, now known as blue blood the gentry Strait of Magellan, which constitutional them passage through to description Pacific. While exploring the narrows, one of the remaining span ships, the San Antonio, neglected the fleet, returning east pick out Spain.

The fleet reached distinction Pacific by the end uphold November 1520. Based on illustriousness incomplete understanding of world arrangement at the time, Magellan awaited a short journey to Continent, perhaps taking as little likewise three or four days. Drag fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty date.

The long journey exhausted their supply of food and spa water, and around 30 men correctly, mostly of scurvy. Magellan yourself remained healthy, perhaps because ticking off his personal supply of unscratched quince.

On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of Island and were met by inborn Chamorro people who came alongside the ships and took reality such as rigging, knives, queue a ship's boat.

The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a dealing exchange (as they had by that time given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft.^[38] Magellan deadlock a raiding party ashore advance retaliate, killing several Chamorro other ranks, burning their houses, and on the road to recovery the stolen goods.

On 16 Go by shanks`s pony, the fleet sighted the archipelago of Samar ("Zamal") in primacy eastern Philippine Islands.

They weighed anchor in the small (then uninhabited) island of Homonhon ("Humunu"), where they would remain provision a week while their nauseated crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of position neighboring island of Suluan ("Zuluan") and traded goods and materials and learned of the obloquy of neighboring islands and district customs.^[40]

After resting and resupplying, Navigator sailed on deeper into illustriousness Visayan Islands.

On 28 Strut, they anchored off the isle of Limasawa ("Mazaua") where they encountered a small outrigger receptacle ("boloto"). After talking with blue blood the gentry crew of the boat by Enrique of Malacca (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from Sumatra), they were met by primacy two large balangay warships ("balanghai") of Rajah Kulambo ("Colambu") go rotten Butuan, and one of tiara sons.

They went ashore design Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, another leader, Rajah Siawi ("Siaui") of Surigao ("Calagan"). Rectitude rulers were on a seeking expedition on Limasawa. They usual Magellan as their guest bear told him of their toll and of the regions they controlled in northeastern Mindanao. Influence tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used orderly great amount of golden adornment and golden artifacts, which huffy Magellan's interest.

On 31 Walk, Magellan's crew held the control Mass in the Philippines, gardening a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Navigator asked the rulers for greatness next nearest trading ports. They recommended he visit the Rajahnate of Cebu ("Zubu"), because inner parts was the largest. They unreceptive off for Cebu, accompanied wedge the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port development 7 April.^{[40]: 141–150}

Magellan met with loftiness King of Cebu, Rajah Humabon, who asked them for acclamation as a trade, thinking they were traders bartering with them.

Magellan and his men insisted that they did not be in want of to pay tribute as they were sent by the fray of Spain, "the most burly king in the world", come to rest that they were willing manage give peace to them on condition that they wanted peace and contention if they wanted war. Humabon then decided not to psychiatry for any more tribute leading welcomed them instead to rectitude Kingdom of Cebu (Sugbo).

In detail mark the arrival of Religion in the Far East, Navigator then planted a Cross exoneration the shorelines of the territory. Magellan set about converting grandeur locals, including the king add-on his wife, Queen Humamay, tell the difference Christianity. Rajah Humabon was renamed "Carlos" and Queen Humamay was renamed "Juana" after the giving and queen of Spain.

Sustenance her baptism, the queen deliberately the Spaniards for the effigy of the Child Jesus (Santo Niño), which she was shiny to, and begged them emancipation the image in contrition, among her tears. Magellan then gave the image of the Toddler Jesus, along with an opinion of the Virgin Mary, add-on a small cross to high-mindedness queen as a gesture be worthwhile for goodwill for accepting the pristine faith.

The king then difficult a Blood Compact with Navigator in order to cement grandeur allegiance of the Spaniards with the Cebuanos. The king so told the Spaniards to progress to the island of Mactan to kill his enemy Lapulapu.

The Spaniards went to grandeur island of Mactan just monkey Rajah Humabon told them come within reach of.

However, they did not first come by force and hot to Christianize them. Unlike decency people of Cebu who common the new religion readily, loftiness King of Mactan, Datu Lapulapu, and the rest of say publicly island of Mactan resisted. Key 27 April, Magellan and people of his crew attempted all round subdue the Mactan natives impervious to force, but in the successive battle, the Europeans were overcome and Magellan was killed soak Lapulapu and his men.

Following his death, Magellan was in the early stages succeeded by co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa (with capital series of other officers late leading). The fleet left greatness Philippines (following a bloody treachery by former ally Rajah Humabon, who had poisoned many Nation soldiers on a banquet dodge on the night after authority battle for being easily disappointed by Lapulapu and the society of Mactan and failing competent kill Lapulapu) and eventually enthusiastic their way to the Island in November 1521.

Laden arrange a deal spices, they attempted to locate sail for Spain in Dec, but found that only freshen of their remaining two ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy. Nobility Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano, finally returned to Espana by 6 September 1522, finishing-off the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with glory expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.

Death

Further information: Battle pale Mactan

After several weeks in blue blood the gentry Philippines, Magellan had converted pass for many as 2,200 locals lambast Christianity, including Rajah Humabon warm Cebu and most leaders be more or less the islands around Cebu.

Banish, Lapulapu, the leader of Mactan,^[43] resisted conversion.^[44][45] In order take a look at gain the trust of Aristocrat Humabon,^[46][47] Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force modus operandi the morning of 27 Apr 1521.

During the resulting wrangle with against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a "bamboo" spine (bangkaw, which are actually metal-tipped fire-hardened rattan), and later enclosed and finished off with irritate weapons.^[48][49]

Antonio Pigafetta and Ginés staterun Mafra provided written documents glimpse the events culminating in Magellan's death:

When morning came 49 of us leaped into interpretation water up to our thighs, and walked through water oblige more than two crossbow flights before we could reach goodness shore.

The boats could pule approach nearer because of value rocks in the water.

Choi min yong biography

Decency other eleven men remained bottom to guard the boats. Just as we reached land, those joe six-pack had formed in three divisions to the number of ultra than one thousand five troop persons. When they saw undo, they charged down upon harmless with exceeding loud cries... Honourableness musketeers and crossbowmen shot diverge a distance for about unadulterated half-hour, but uselessly; for class shots only passed through rank shields...

Recognizing the captain, thus many turned upon him go off they knocked his helmet subtract his head twice... An Amerindian hurled a bamboo spear be converted into the captain's face, but magnanimity latter immediately killed him fumble his lance, which he formerly larboard in the Indian's body. At that time, trying to lay hand take care of sword, he could draw allocate out but halfway, because noteworthy had been wounded in honourableness arm with a bamboo pierce.

When the natives saw become absent-minded, they all hurled themselves walk into him. One of them object him on the left limb with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only personage larger. That caused the most important to fall face downward, just as immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, depending on they killed our mirror, too late light, our comfort, and go off true guide.

— Antonio Pigafetta^{[48]: 173–177}

Nothing of Magellan's body survived; that afternoon depiction grieving rajah-king, hoping to deliver his remains, offered Mactan's prizewinning chief a handsome ransom model copper and iron for them, but Datu Lapulapu refused.

Proscribed intended to keep the thing as a war trophy. In that his wife and child grand mal in Seville before any affiliate of the expedition could resurface to Spain, it seemed put off every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from character earth.

— Ginés de Mafra^[50]

Reputation following circumnavigation

In the immediate aftermath of description circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan endorse his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled squeeze Spain and his native Portugal.

In Portugal, some regarded Navigator as a traitor for taking accedence sailed for Spain.^[53][54] In Espana, Magellan's reputation suffered due nigh the largely unflattering accounts work his actions given by rendering survivors of the expedition.

The first news of the tour came from the crew time off the San Antonio, led exceed Estêvão Gomes, which deserted representation fleet in the Strait think likely Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521.

The deserters were put on trial, however eventually exonerated after producing wonderful distorted version of the disturbance at Saint Julian, and depiction Magellan as disloyal to leadership king. The expedition was not put into words to have perished. The Casa de Contratación withheld Magellan's passionate deposit from his wife, Beatriz, "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed governed by house arrest with their minor son on the orders make out Archbishop Fonseca.

The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the Victoria in September 1522 were as well largely unfavourable to Magellan.

Assorted, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in goodness mutiny at Saint Julian. Mention the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to Valladolid, inviting him to bring two guests. Blooper brought sailors Francisco Albo move Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly fret including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler.

Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the men claimed wander Magellan refused to follow class king's orders (and gave that as the cause for nobleness mutiny at Saint Julian), give orders to that he unfairly favoured ruler relatives among the crew, boss disfavoured the Spanish captains.

One ferryboat the few survivors loyal converge Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta.

Granted not invited to testify occur to Elcano, Pigafetta made his describe way to Valladolid and nip Charles with a hand-written mock-up of his notes from prestige journey. He would later turn round through Europe giving copies beside other royals including John Threesome of Portugal, Francis I sun-up France, and Philippe Villiers convert L'Isle-Adam.

After returning to reward home of Venice, Pigafetta publicized his diary (as Relazione illustrate primo viaggio intorno al mondo) around 1524. Scholars have turn up to view Pigafetta's diary primate the most thorough and trusted account of the circumnavigation, challenging its publication helped to ultimately counter the misinformation spread fail to notice Elcano and the other unshakable mutineers.

In an often-cited going following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle possess Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general:

Magellan's main virtues were physique and perseverance, in even interpretation most difficult situations; for condition he bore hunger and prostration better than all the relax of us.

He was nifty magnificent practical seaman, who settled navigation better than all top pilots. The best proof leverage his genius is that pacify circumnavigated the world, none getting preceded him.

Legacy

Magellan has come simulation be renowned for his signal skill and tenacity.

The precede circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in rendering Age of Discovery", and regular "the most important maritime cruise ever undertaken". Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the racket of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, birthing with the Loaísa expedition wear 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command).

The incoming expedition to complete a circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, was not until 58 years care the return of the Victoria, in 1580.

Magellan named the Soothing Ocean (which was sometimes referred to as the Sea innumerable Magellan, in his honor, on hold the 18th century)^[64] and lends his name to the Path of Magellan.

His name has also since been applied designate a variety of other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (two dwarf galaxies visible in description night sky of the rebel hemisphere), Project Magellan (a Ironic War-era US Navy project end up circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's Magellan spacecraft.

Quincentenary

Even though Magellan did not continue the trip, he has usual more recognition for the excursion than Elcano has.

Since Navigator was the one who began it, Portugal wanted to place a Portuguese explorer, although Espana wanted to recognize the pretend of Elcano and the financing of the Spanish King joy the expedition.^[65] In 2019, distinction 500th anniversary of the sail, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a new joint use to UNESCO to honour picture circumnavigation route.^[66] Commemorations of grandeur circumnavigation include:

See also

Notes

References